TÜRKÇE (For English text, please scroll down)
Türkiye’nin en çalkantılı “Gezi Parkı” günlerini ancak 7
Haziran’a kadar yaşadık ve ondan sonra iki haftadan biraz daha fazla yurt dışındaydık; son blog’larımı takip ettiyseniz
biliyorsunuzdur. Gezi Parkı’nın ilk olaylı, gazlı, sulu, tencereli ve tavalı
günlerine İstanbul’da yakın mesafeden şahit olduksa da gerisini emniyetli bir
mesafeden, Fransa ve İsviçre’den izledik.
Ama artık yine kürkçü dükkânındayız!
Cumhuriyet Türkiyesi kuruluşundan beri yüzünü batı kültür
ve uygarlığına çevirmiştir. Fakat bu batıdan gelen her akımın, her modanın, her
dayatmanın uysalca kabullenilmesi anlamına gelmiyordu. Uluslararası arenada
“yurtta sulh, cihanda sulh” prensibine uygun dostça bir siyaset uygularken bile
genç Türkiye Cumhuriyeti haklarından taviz vermemeyi bilmiş, mesela Hatay, I. Dünya Harbi’nden sonra Suriye’yi işgâl
etmiş olan Fransızların çekilmesiyle Suriye’ye kalacakken, Atatürk’ün özverili
çabalarıyla önce bağımsız olmuş (27 Ocak 1937), sonra Türkiye’ye katılmıştır
(30 Haziran 1939)- ve bu diplomatik başarı Fransa ve Suriye ile ilişkilerin
bozulmasına sebep olmadan kazanılmıştır.
Şuna da dikkatinizi çekmek isterim: genç Türkiye
Cumhuriyeti olgunlaşma yolundayken Avrupa’da faşizm yükselişteydi; Atatürk 29
Ekim 1933’te Onuncu Yıl Nutku’nu söylerken Almanya’da Hitler dokuz aydır (30 Ocak 1933)
şansölyeydi. Yönetmen Leni Riefenstahl’ın 1935 tarihli Nazi
propaganda belgeseli “İradenin Zaferi” (Triumph
des Willens) İsveç, Fransa ve
Amerika’da ödül aldı. O yıllarda faşizm, Batı’dan gelen en göz kamaştırıcı
yeni akımdı, fakat Atatürk’ün ve sonra İnönü’nün Türkiye’si onun cazibesine
kapılmadı!
İkinci Dünya Harbi yıllarından bir Fransız karikatürü: küçük afacan Hitler'in dadısı Nazi Almanya'sının Ankara büyükelçisi Franz Von Papen'dir.
Bunlardan çıkarılacak ders şudur: barış ve dostluk, boyun
eğmek ve uşaklık demek değildir, batılılaşmak da körükörüne hayranlık,
içeriksiz taklitçilik anlamına gelmez.
Bu dersi gözardı etmeksizin, kısa süre önce
yaptığımız Fransa ve İsviçre gezilerimizin bana düşündürdüklerini paylaşmak
isterim.
Fransa ve İsviçre arasında bugün barış hakim; sınırlar açık. İsviçre
Avrupa Birliği'ne katılmamış olmakla birlikte Schengen anlaşmasını imzalamış;
anlaşmaya dahil bir ülkenin verdiği vize diğerleri için de geçerli. Cenevre’den
otobüse binip Fransa’ya giderken meskûn bir caddenin ortalarında bir
yerde boş gümrük bürolarını geçiveriyorsunuz, dikkat etmezseniz farketmezsiniz
bile! "Ne güzel, ne huzurlu" diyorsunuz, bir de bizim hudutlara bakın, bazen
kıskançlıkla korunuyor, arada insandan arındırılmış bölge, bazen de tam aksine, iç savaşla
çalkalanan Suriye’yle hududumuz gibi gereğinden fazla geçirgen- en azından
haberler o doğrultuda!
Fransa ve İsviçre hem geçmişleri hem de devlet yapısı
bakımından birbirlerine taban tabana zıt iki ülke. Fransa milliyetçi, lâik ve
üniter yapısıyla Avrupa ülkeleri içinde bizi en çok andırandır. (Laik ve Üniter
kelimeleri de aslında Fransızca zaten: laique
ve unitaire). İçinde barındırdığı
etnik gruplar vardır- aslında İtalyan olan Korsikalılar (meselâ Napolyon), Alman
asıllı Alsaslılar ve Lorenliler, ve tabii bir Kelt ırkı olup kendilerine özgü
dilleri olan Bask’lar gibi- ama yine de birleştirici unsur olarak Fransız dilinde ve kimliğinde israrcıdırlar. Bu da Fransızların Türkiye Ermenileri ve Kürtleri
hakkında gösterdikleri hassasiyetle biraz çelişir, ama uluslararası siyaset
böyle birşey işte!
Gelelim İsviçre’ye, nasıl saydığınıza bağlı olarak 23 ya
da 26 kantondann oluşan bir federasyondur (20 kanton + 3 çift “yarı kanton”).
Kantonlar yüksek ölçüde otonomiye sahip olsalar da federal başkent Bern’e
bağlıdırlar. Biz burada Kürt vatandaşlarımız için “ana dilde eğitim” ve “ana
dilde savunma” meselelerini tartışırken küçücük İsviçre dört resmi dile sahip:
Almanca, Fransızca, İtalyanca, ve Roma dönemi artığı, çok az sayıda insanın
konuştuğu Romanş!
İsviçreliler ülkelerinin kuruluşunu 1291’e dayandırıyorlar.
Bugün İsviçre olarak bildiğimiz ülkenin büyük kısmı Kutsal Roma Germen
İmparatorluğu, yani o zamanki Alman İmparatorluğu içindeydi. Sözkonusu imparatorluk
küçük krallıklar, prenslikler şehir devletlerinden oluşmuş karmaşık ve gevşek
bir siyasi yapıydı ve diğer taraflarında olduğu gibi Alp bölgelerinde de büyük
ölçüde otonom yerleşimler vardı. Bunlardan üçü- Uri, Schwyz ve Unterwalden- haklarını
daha iyi savunabilmek için- bir dayanışma anlaşması yapmışlar. Efsaneye göre 1
Ağustos 1291’de üç toplumun liderleri Luzern gölü kıyısındaki Rütli çayırında
bir “and” içmişler- bizim Osmanlı devletinin kuruluş tarihi olarak aldığımız
1299’dan sekiz yıl önce.
Rütli çayırında and içme.
Johann Heinrich Füssli, 1780.
Rütli çayırında buluşularak içilen and bir efsaneden
ibaret olabilir ama o seneden günümüze kalan bir anlaşma belgesi (Bundesbrief) bugün üç kurucu kantondan
biri olan Schwyz’de kendi adını taşıyan bir müzede (Bundesbriefmuseum) muhafaza ediliyor.
1291'den birlik anlaşması. (Bundesbrief).
(Görüntü medyadan.)
Efsaneyle karışık bu tarihi
olayda benim cazip bulduğum şey, bir ülkenin kuruluş ve varlık felsefesinin bir
and, birliktelik için verilmiş bir söz, edilmiş bir yemin olmasıdır. Sonraki yüzyıllarda İsviçre sadece gönüllü
katılımlarla değil, bildiğimiz fütühat yoluyla da büyüyecektir, hatta iç savaş
bile yaşayacaktır, ama yine de bir berabelik andı fikri, isteyerek
kaderlerini birleştirmiş insanların oluşturduğu bir toplum felsefesini
yaşattığı için bence çok olumlu. Burada ne bir ırkın, ne bir dinin hakimiyeti
var; onun yerine verilen söze sadakatle yükümlü vatandaşlık onuru! Bugün ülkenin çeşitli dillerdeki ismi
“İsviçre Konfederasyonu” anlamına gelen The
Swiss Confederation (İngilizce), La
Confédération Suisse (Fransızca) La
Confederazione Svizzera (İtalyanca) ve La
Confederaziun Svizra (Reto-Romanş) ve
Confederatio Helvetica (Latince)
olmakla birlikte Almancası bekleneceği gibi Bundesrepublik
Schweiz değil, die Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft (vize formu doldururken
kontrol edebilirsiniz) yani “İsviçre And
Yoldaşlığı”.
Her iki dünya savaşı sırasında da İsviçre, birbirleriyle harp
hâlinde olan Almanya, Fransa, İtalya ve Avusturya ile çepçevre sarılı
durumdaydı ve daha da tehlikelisi, kendi toplumu bu etnik gruplardan
oluşuyordu. Bu durumun kaçınılmaz olarak yaratacağı toplumsal gerginliklere
rağmen İsviçre harp yıllarını ciddi bir zarar görmeden atlatabildi. Demek ki
anda sadakat etnik duygulara baskın çıkmış. İkinci Dünya Harbi tüm yıkıcılığıyla
sürerken İsviçre’nin genel kurmay başkanı General Henri Guisan 25 Temmuz
1940’ta subaylarını toplayarak etkili bir konuşmayla milli birlik çağrısında
bulunmuş ve bir saldırı hâlinde teslim olunmayacağını belirtmiştir. Konuşma için
seçtiği yer: 1291 andının içildiği efsanevi Rütli çayırı!
Bütün bunlar da benim düşüncelerimi alıp artık tedrisattan çıkartılan “andımıza” götürüyor. Hatılamak için bkz. “Türküm, Doğruyum”, 22 Eylül 2012.
General Guisan Rütli çayırında subaylarıyla, 25 Temmuz 1940.
Bütün bunlar da benim düşüncelerimi alıp artık tedrisattan çıkartılan “andımıza” götürüyor. Hatılamak için bkz. “Türküm, Doğruyum”, 22 Eylül 2012.
İsviçre deyince akla barış ve tarafsızlık gelir, ve ülkeyi
ziyaret eden herkes, İsviçrelilerin barıştan ne kadar yarar sağlamış
olduklarını görür. Ama İsviçre tarihi savaşsız değildir, hatta genişlemeci
bir dönemi bile olmuştur. Halkı İtalyanca konuşan Tiçino kantonunu 16. Yüzyılda
Milano dükalığından savaşla koparıp almışlardır.
Milanolular İsviçrelileri
1515’te Marignano (Marinyano)’da yenerek durdurunca İsviçreliler savaş yoluyla
genişleme siyasetinden vazgeçerler. Bundan sonra genişleme konfederasyona
gönüllü katılımlarla gerçekleşir. İsviçrelilerin genişleme savaşlarının sona
erdiği sıralarda bizim Yavuz Sultan Selim zafer üzerine zafer kazanıyordu;
1514’te Çaldıran’da Şah İsmail’i yendi, 1516’dan itibaren Arabistan
topraklarının (ve kumlarının) fethine koyuldu. Onun ve “muhteşem” oğlu Kanuni
Sultan Süleyman’ın Osmanlı ülkesine kattığı geniş coğrafyaların tamamını
sonradan kaybettik!
Bu tarihten sonra İsviçre’liler savaşı kendi toprakları
içinde yaşadılar. Protestanlığın doğumuyla Avrupa’yı kana bulayan din savaşları
İsviçre’yi de etkiledi. Başlangıç hafif oldu; biraz karşılıklı provokasyon,
Protestanlar bir Katolik rahibi öldürüyorlar, sonra da Katolikler de bir
Protestan rahibi. Sonra silahla giriyor devreye! "Birinci Kappel Savaşı" deniyor ama silahlar kuşanılsa da iş savaşa varmıyor. Efsaneye göre
taraflar bir yandan müzakere etmiş, bir yandan da “süt çorbası” içmişler, ve
savaşmadan eve dönmüşler. Yıl 1529; aynı sene Kanuni Sultan Süleyman ilk Viyana
kuşatmasını yapmıştı- bol bol savaşılmıştı- ve eve dönülmüştü.
Savaş yapma süt iç: Birinci Kappel "Savaşı", 1529.
Albert Anker, 1869.
İsviçreli Protestan ve Katolikler 1531’de ikinci Kappel
savaşında tekrar yüzyüze gelmişler ve bu sefer iş ciddiye binmiş. Protestanlar
1000 kadar kayıp vererek yenilmişler, ölenlerin arasında İsviçreli protestan lider
Ulrich Zwingli de var.
Aslında İsviçre din savaşlarından nisbeten az zarar
görmüş; kuzeyde Almanya “Otuz Yıl Savaşları” ile çok ağır kayıplar vermiştir (1618-1648).
Ama yine de mezhep ayrılığı müteakip yıllarda da İsviçrelileri birbirlerine
düşürmüş. (Villmergen savaşları, 1656 ve 1712). İsviçre’nin sonra ulaşacağı
huzur ve istikrarı bilince şu sonuçtan kaçınamıyor insan: bir toplumun içindeki
ahenk, mutluluk ve refaha en büyük
engellerden biri ,dini inanç farklılıklarına dayandırılan çatışmalardır.
Atatürk’ün kurduğu cumhuriyet için lâiklik prensibini getirmiş olmasını bir
daha takdirle karşılıyorum.
(Yukarıda bahsettiğim iki Vilmergen savaşının arasında
biryerde, 14 Haziran- 12 Eylül 1683 tarihleri arasında, Sultan IV Mehmet
dönemini yaşayan Osmanlılar ikinci ve son kez Viyana’yı kuşattılar.
Artık Osmanlılar için yükseliş bitmiştir.)
İsviçreliler son savaşlarını 1845’de yaptılar, yine
birbirlerine karşı ve yine din meselesinden. Katolik kantonlar kendi aralarında
Sonderbund ("Özel Birlik") adı altında birleşerek
federal hükümete karşı alternatif bir ittifak kurdular. İşin ilginç tarafı,
ayrılıkçı yedi kantonun üçü Rütli çayırından hatırladığımız kurucu
kantonlarının ta kendileriydi. İsviçre’nin kantonları geniş özgürlüklere sahip
yarı bağımsız ülkecikler gibiydi ama ayrılmak kuraldışıydı ve kabul edilemezdi.
İç savaş bir aydan az sürdü (3-29 Kasım 1847), 100’ün
altında can kaybıyla ayrılıkçılar yenildi. Bundan sonra İsviçre Konfederasyonu,
1848’de yazılan yeni anayasayla, bugünkü hâlini aldı. Tabii bu arada Katolik
kantonların hassasiyetleri de gözardı edilmedi.
Birkaç sene sonra okyanusun karşı yakasında başka bir
federal devlet, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, bölünme tehlikesiyle yüzyüze
geldi. Bu ülkenin ismi bile tek millet olmanın antitezi gibidir ve hiçbir halkı
tarif etmez: coğrafi bir tanımdan ibaret olan "Amerika"’da bulunan birtakım devletler var,
birleşmişler. Hepsinin kendi parlamentosu, yerel kanunları, hatta bayrağı var. O
zamanki 34 devletten 13 tanesi ayrılıp yeni bir “konfederasyon” kurmaya
kalkınca (Amerika Konfedere Devletleri- Confederate
States of America) sonuç kanlı bir iç savaş (1861-65). Bu oyunda ayrılmak
yok! ABD’nin resmi sloganı (“motto”) şu Latince cümledir: E Pluribus Unum, yani “çokluktanan tek”.
ABD'nin resmi devlet armasında milli slogan: E Pluribus Unum, "çokluktan tek".
Artık ayrılmaca yok!
Artık ayrılmaca yok!
Bern'de İsviçre Federal Parlamentosu'nun vitraylı kubbesi. Merkezde milli bayrak, etrafta çepçevre kantonların armaları. Ortadaki milli bayrağın etrafındaki kurdelede İsviçre'nin milli sloganı var: Unus pro Omnibus, Omnes pro Uno. "Birimiz Hepimiz için, Hepimiz Birimiz için".
(Görüntü medyadan.)
Demek ki federasyon demek ayrılıp gitmek demek değilmiş!
Şimdi AKP’nin “barış süreci”’ni düşünmiyeyim mi? Tescilli bir terörist örgütün
yakalanıp hapse düşmüş lideri ile doğrudan görüşen bir hükümet var.
“Federasyon”’dan bahsediliyor ama 21 Mart 2013’te Diyarbakır’da bayram havası
içinde yapılan Nevruz kutlamasında bir “federal” hava esmiyordu. Hatırlarsınız,
“barış süreci” destekçisi medya kutlamalarda “tek bir Türk bayrağı olmaması”
karşısında hayret bile ifade etmişti.
Biz seyahatten döndüğümüzde ABD elçisi
Francis Ricciardone “barış sürecini” desteklemek için doğu ve güneydoğu
illerini turlamaktaydı, dünyanın öbür ucundaki bir ülkenin elçisi için
diplomasi sınırlarını çok aşan bir burun sokma eylemi! Bu yazı yazılırken ekselans yine oralarda dolaşıyor!
Ekselansları
Francis Ricciardone Diyarbakır’da, güçlünün karşısında ne yapılması gerektiğini
bilen bir vatandaşımızla, 26 Haziran 2013.
(Görüntü
medyadan.)
“Federasyon” ayrılık demek değildir, ayrılık için bahane
oluşturmadıkça! “Federasyon” değişik parçaların biraraya gelmesidir, zaten
birarada olanın ayrıştırılması değil. Sosyal ve kültürel hakların bu çerçevede
anlaşılması gerekir. Bir taraftan Kürt ayrılıkçılığının saldırganlığı, diğer
taraftan Milli Devlet’in korkuları ve paranoyası karşılıklı olarak birbirlerini
o derece tırmandırdılar ki artık doğru ve dengeli düşünmek neredeyse olanaksız
hâle geldi. Problem çözüm bekliyordu, ama bu AKP’nin versyonu mu olmalıydı? Dışarıdan
tezgâhlanan bir operasyon, karşıt görüşlülerin uydurma ithamlar, sahte deliller
ve yalancı tanıklarla hapsedilmesi, suçu sabit ve hapisteki terörist liderle
içeriği kamuoyundan gizli tutulan görüşmeler, yarısı ülkenin bölüneceğine,
yarısı aksine büyüyeceğine inandırılmış bir halk- bu şekilde getirilecek çözüm, çözdüğünden çok düğümler.
Ekselansları Ricciardone’nin hizmet ettiği ABD, bu “barış
süreciyle” görünüşte Türk ve Kürt kimliklerini hem ayrı tutup hem de bağlayan
bir “konfederasyon” hedefliyor. (Ya Türk halkını oluşturan diğer gruplar?
“Onları sonra hallederiz.!”) Bunu gerçekleştirmek için Abdullah Öcalan (suçu
sabit ve hapiste) ve BDP (en iyi ihtimalle oyların %10’unu temsil eder) AKP ile
yeni bir anayasa oluşturuyorlar, sözümona muhalefet CHP ve MHP de sanki karşı
dururken işbirliği yaparak kendi seçmenlerine ihanet ediyorlar. Bu yeni “barış
süreci” uyarınca yeni anayasadan “Türk” kelimesini bile çıkarmak istiyorlar.
Bundan sonra Türkiyeli olacakmışız.
Peki, ondan sonra “Türkiyeli” Kürt vatandaş demeyecek mi,
“ben madem artık Türk değilim, memleketin adı neden Türkiye?”
23 kantonlu dört resmi dilli İsviçre’nin vatandaşları
kendilerini “İsviçreli” olarak tanımlarlar; bu kelimenin kökeni de üç kurucu
kantondan, hani o Rütli çayırında and içerek birlik sözü veren üç toplumdan
sadece bir tanesi olan Schwyz’dir (okunuşu
“Şviytz”). Dili Fransızca olan bir Cenevreli ya da İtalyanca olan bir Tiçinolu,
“ne alakam var benim Almanca konuşan Schwyz
halkıyla?” demez, o adın bütün ülkeye ve bütün vatandaşlara, bu arada kendine
de, genellenmesinden gocunmaz.
Yanyana iki bayrak, sağda milli bayrak, solda tekmil kantonlar tek bayrakta toplanmış.
(Görüntü kendi objektifimden.)
Şimdi biraz konu değişikliği: Fransızlar 1852’de “İkinci
İmparatorluk” dönemine girdiler. Bu seferki imparatorları ünlü Napolyon
Bonaparte’ın yeğeni olan III. Napolyon’du. Aslında “İkinci Krallık” dönemi 1848’de
bir ihtilâlle bitince- Fransızlarda ihtilâl boldur- “İkinci Cumhuriyet” kurulmuş
ve 10 Aralık 1848 seçimlerinde Napolyon’un yeğeni Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte Cumhurbaşkanı seçilmişti.
Ne var ki yeni kanunlar gereği dört sene sonra görevden ayrılması gerekiyordu; onun için ne
yaptı yaptı, kendini imparator ilan ettirerek 2 Aralık 1852’de taç giydi.
Seçimle gelip kendini kral, imparator, padişah vs. ilân ederek bir daha gitmek
istemeyen megalomanlara zaman zaman rastlanır! Ve sonları da pek iyi olmaz.
III. Napolyon Fransası’nın kibiri, 1870’de Prusya ile gereksiz bir savaşa
girmesine sebep olur ve uğradığı büyük yenilgi beraberinde “İkinci
İmparatorluğu” da alıp götürür.
İşte bu savaş sırasında Fransız generali Denis Bourbaki 1871’in Şubat ayında 87 000 askeriyle İsviçre’ye kaçmak zorunda kalır. Altı hafta süreyle sığınmacı olarak kalırlar. 1881’de Edouard Castres tarafından yapılan ve Luzern’de bulunan 360˚lik bir panoramik tablo yenik Fransızların tarafsız İsviçre’ye geçişlerini detaylı bir şekilde tavir eder. (Bourbaki Panorama, bkz: http://www.bourbakipanorama.ch/en/index.html ). Tabloda Fransız askerlerinin hududu geçerken silahlarını teslim ettiklerini net olarak görüyoruz. Tarafsız bir üçüncü ülkeye sığınan bir muharipten de bu beklenir.
General Bourbaki'nin yenik ordusu 1871 Şubat ayında sığınmak üzere İsviçre'ye geçerken silahlarını bırakıyor.
Bourbaki Panorama'dan detay, Edouard Castres, 1881.
Bizim
Suriye hududumuz ve o bölgedeki sığınmacı kampları hakkında yazılanları ve
söylenenleri hatırlıyorum. Hiç kontrolsüz geçişlerden, kampları Suriye’de
yaptıkları saldırılar için üs olarak kullanan, silahlarıyla girip çıkan
militanlardan bahsediliyor. BBC Turkish’ten Çağıl Kasapoğlu aynen şöyle yazmış: “...Bir
yandan kuyrukta denetim bekleyen araçları, insanları, diğer yandan da yalnızca
birkaç metre ötesinde tarlanın ortasındaki patikalardan, denetimden geçmeyerek
Suriye sınırını aşanları görüyorum...” ( Kaynak: http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkce/haberler/2013/06/130611_reyhanli_kasapoglu.shtml )
Görünüşe
bakılırsa Esat hükümetine karşı harekete geçmek için sabırsızlanan AKP
hükümeti bu militanlara uluslararası yasaların öngördüğünün çok ötesinde müsamaha
gösteriyor.
1 Şubat 2013’te Cilvegözü sınır
kapısında bomba yüklü bir araç infilak etmesi 13 kişinin hayatına mâloldu. AKM
hükümeti susçu Esat hükümetine atmak istedi; oysa Esat’ın bir de Türkiye ile
çatışmaya girmesiyle kazanacak hiçbir şeyi yok!
(Görüntü medyadan.)
11 Mayıs 2013’te Hatay’ın Reyhanlı ilçesinde kısa aralıklarla infilak eden iki ayrı bomba yüklü araç resmi açıklamalara göre 51 can aldı, çok daha fazla olduğu konusunda rivayetler var. Halk sığınmacılardan şüphelendi, sığınmacı kampına yürüyen bir grup polis tarafından durduruldu. AKP “barış sürecinin düşmanlarını” suçladı. RedHack grubu Jandarma’nın gizli belgelerini bulup yayınladı, buna göre hükümet “El Kaide bağlantılı bir grubun” bomba yüklü araçlarla bir saldırı yapma hazırlığında oldukları öğrenilmişti:
(Görüntü medyadan.)
İsviçre
işgâl de görmüştür- Fransız İhtilâli ideallerini ihraç etmek için silaha
sarılıp komşularına da saldırmıştı ve ihtilal orduları 1798’de İsviçre’yi de
işgâl ettiler. Sonra Fransızları ülkeleine geri püskürten Ruslar ve
Avusturyalılar dalmıştı İsviçreye. Ve tabii yukarıda bahsettiğim gibi
İsviçreliler kendi aralarında da savaşmışlar. Ama genelde İsviçre bir
"tarafsızlık" geleneği sürdürür; bu “tarafsız ülke” statüsü 1815 Viyana
Kongresinde uluslararası bir resmiyet de kazandırmıştır.
Bu
taafsızlığa rağmen İsviçre’nin daima bir ordusu olmuştur ve vardır. 20-34 yaşlar
arasındaki erkekler için zorunludur ve askere alınanlar bu sürenin tamamında üniformalarını ve silahlarını
evlerinde tutarlar. Belirli aralıklarla üçer haftalık tazeleme eğitimlerine
çağırılırlar. Bu durumda ordu teorik olarak anında seferber olabilir; dolaptan
üniformasını ve silahını kapan görev yerine gidecektir.
Böyle bir harbe hazır olma geleneği olmasaydı, dağlarında sığınaklar ve mevziler hazırlamış olmasalardı, Hitler İsviçre’nin “tarafsız ülke” statüsüne daha ne kadar saygı gösterirdi acaba? Hazırlıksız Danimarka’nın hâlini düşünün: 9 Nisan 1940 sabahı 4:15’de Almanlar saldırıyor, saat 6:00’da Danimarka teslim oluyor. Sabah bağımsız, kahvaltı işgâl altında!
Tazeleme eğitimine çağrı, 2013.
(Görüntüler kendi objektifimden.)
Çağrıya uyan bir genç trende, Haziran 2013.
(Görüntü kendi objektifimden.)
Böyle bir harbe hazır olma geleneği olmasaydı, dağlarında sığınaklar ve mevziler hazırlamış olmasalardı, Hitler İsviçre’nin “tarafsız ülke” statüsüne daha ne kadar saygı gösterirdi acaba? Hazırlıksız Danimarka’nın hâlini düşünün: 9 Nisan 1940 sabahı 4:15’de Almanlar saldırıyor, saat 6:00’da Danimarka teslim oluyor. Sabah bağımsız, kahvaltı işgâl altında!
Kopenhag sokakları, işgâlden sadece 11 gün sonra, 20 Nisan 1940: Alman asklerleri Hitler'in doğum gününü törenle kutluyorlar.
“Doğrudan
demokrasi” ülkesi İsviçre’de her konu halka sorulur; orduyu küçültmek ve hatta
tamamen lâğvetmek konusunda da referandumlar yapıldı, ama halâ orduları
durduğuna göre halkın çoğunluğu silahlı kuvvetlerin artık gereksiz olduğuna
ikna olmamış demektir. 1993’te yine bu konuda bir referandum sözkonusuyken ben
İsviçre’deydim. Ordunun kaldırılmasına karşı olan grup, o sırada Avrupa’nın
içinde, Yugoslavya’da ceryan eden iç savaşa işaret ederek “kimse emniyette
değildir” mesajını veriyordu.
"Kimse emniyette değildir. Savunmasız bir geleceğe hayır!"
1993 referandumunda ordu lehine el ilânı.
Si vis Pacem para
bellum!
Ya
da bizdeki değişle:
Hazır ol cenge ister
isen sulh u salah!
Bu
da benim aklıma kendi silahlı kuvvetlerin etkisizleştirilmesi ve tasfiye
edilmesi için kendi hükümetimiz eliyle gerçekleştirilen son derece sinsi ve onursuz
operasyonları getiriyor. İsviçrenin rahat ve huzur ortamına alışıp bunun hiç
değişmeyeceğine inanmak kolay, onun için oranın insanının savunma bütçelerini
ve askerlik hizmetinin yükünü fazla bulmasını anlayabiliyorum; fakat Türkiye’nin
iç ve dış şartları ortadayken ordunun varlığını fazla görmek ve hele böylesi
haince bir şekilde tasfiyesi karşısında duyarsız kalmak benim anlayışımın
ötesinde bir şey. Ankara’da Balyoz davasının Yargıtay süreci, içinde
subayların, hatta eski genelkurmay başkanının da bulunduğu Ergenekon davası, 13
Temmuz’da AKP’nin BDP’yi yanına alarak ve bazı CHP ve MHP oylarının da
desteğiyle İç Hizmet Kanunu’nun 35. Maddesini değiştirmesi ve iç tehditlerle
mücadeleyi TSK’nın görev kapsamından çıkarması, ancak gaflet uykusunda bir
millette tahammül edilebilecek şeylerdir.
Ankara'da bu hafta Balyoz davası Yargıtay sürecinde; resimde Balyoz tertibiyle mahkûm edilenlerin destskçileri Yargıtay önünde.
(Görüntü medyadan.)
Tarihinin
büyük bölümünü tarafsız ve barış içinde geçirmeyi başaran bir ülke kahramanlarını nereden bulur? Herkes
“Giyom Tel” hikâyesini bilir: zalim vali Gessler’e karşı duruşu, valinin
zorlamasıyla kendi oğlunun başındaki elmayı okla vurması, sonra da Gessler'i haklaması... Giyom Tel'in 14. yüzyılda
yaşadığı söylenir; kendisi hakkında anlatılanları tam kanıtlamasa inandırıcılık veren bazı eski kaynaklar var. Dünyanın
tanıdığı Tell, daha ziyade 19. Yüzyıl Alman (İsviçreli değil) şair ve yazarı
Friedrich von Schiller’in aynı adlı piyesindeki yorumuna dayanıyor. Hayatının
detayları masalsı, önemli anları efsaneyle karışık olmakla birlikte
İsviçreliler ana dillerine göre Guillaume Tell, Wilhelm Tell, Gugliemo Tell ya
da Guglielm Tell olarak tanıdıkları halk kahramanını benimsemiş, toplu milli
ruhlarının temsilcisi olarak kabul etmişler. Bern’deki Federal Parlamento’nun vekiller
salonunun bir duvarında Giyom Tel’in bir heykeli, kucağında oku, vekilleri
seyreder.
İsviçre Parlamentosu Milletvekilleri salonu; sol tarafta duvarda Giyom Tel.
Giyom Tel heykeli, daha yakından. Ok elde hazır.
(Görüntüler medyadan.)
(Görüntüler medyadan.)
İsviçre Atıcılık Birliği'nin 1963 ödül madalyası; üstündeki kabartma keskin nişancı Giyom Tel'i ve başındaki elmayı vurduğu oğlunu tasvir ediyor.
Madalya'nın arka yüzünde Almanca ve Fransızca yazı: "Tell Özgürlüğümüzün Sembolü" .
(Görüntüler kendi objektifimden.)
Biz Türklerin milli kahramanı o kadar geçmişte değil;
görmüş olanların bazıları halâ hayatta. (Meselâ babam, annem, teyzem!) Yaşamı
ve yaptıkları detaylarıyla belgeli, eserlerinin bir çoğu- herşeye rağmen- bugün
de yaşıyor. Ama iktidar partisi ve başbakan karalamaktan vazgeçmiyor, elinden
gelse unutturacak tamamen. Zaman oldu meclise Cumhuriyet’in kurucusunun
görüntüsünü taşıyan kıravat ya da tişörtle girmek “siyasi sembol olduğu”
gerekçesiyle reddedildi. (24 Nisan 2013- “Fular krizi”- http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/20438574.asp )
İki metelik: solda 5 İsviçre Frangı'nın arka yüzünde Giyom Tel. Yaşamış olduğu %100 kanıtlanmış değil, baskıcı vali Gessler'e kafa tutmuş, onun emriyle oğlunun başına konan bir elmayı vurmak zorunda kalmış, sonradan Gessler'i öldürerek İsviçre'lilerin bağımsızlık hareketini başlatmış, savaşlara katılmış, ve bir nehirde bir çocuğu kurtarmaya çalışırken boğulmuş. Efsaneye göre yaptıkları bunlar.
Sağda 1 Türk Lirası. Üzerindeki iinsanın yaşadığı %100 kesin ve yaptıkları belgeli. Hepsini biliyorsunuz, kıyaslayın!
(Küçük hatırlatma: Atatürk'ün Cumhuriyeti kadınlara seçme ve seçilme hakkını yerel seçimler için 1930'da, genel seçimler için de 1934'te verdi. İsviçre ise kantonal seviyede 1959, federal seviyede ancak 1971'de verdi. ama yine de bütün kantonlar kabullenmedi. Appenzell Innerrhoden yarı-kantonu 1990'a kadar direndi ve ancak mahkeme kararıyla kabul etti.
(Küçük hatırlatma: Atatürk'ün Cumhuriyeti kadınlara seçme ve seçilme hakkını yerel seçimler için 1930'da, genel seçimler için de 1934'te verdi. İsviçre ise kantonal seviyede 1959, federal seviyede ancak 1971'de verdi. ama yine de bütün kantonlar kabullenmedi. Appenzell Innerrhoden yarı-kantonu 1990'a kadar direndi ve ancak mahkeme kararıyla kabul etti.
(Görüntü kendi objektifimden.)
İsviçre’de bazı trenlerde küçük ekranlarda yerel aktüalite haberleri yayınlarlar- seyirciler oyalansın diye. (Pencerenin dışından geçen o müthiş manzaralar yetmiyormuş gibi!) 19 Haziran’da ben şu haberi gördüm:
“Şehir meclisi 2013/14 öğretim yılında Romero Evi’nin bodrumunda bir anaokulu açmak istiyor. Ebeveyinler bu “bodrum anaokuluna” karşı çıktığından yeni bir alternatif bulunacak”.
“Şehir meclisi 2013/14 öğretim yılında Romero Evi’nin
bodrumunda bir anaokulu açmak istiyor. Ebeveyinler bu “bodrum anaokuluna” karşı
çıktığından yeni bir alternatif bulunacak”. Haber kaynağı: Luzerner Zeitung. "Romero Evi" (Romerohaus) otel olarak kullanılan görkemli bir eski yapının adıdır.
(Görüntü kendi objektifimden, ekrandançektim.)
Gelin de Gezi Parkı’nı, sabah alacasındaki polis baskınını, “üç beş çapulcuya soracak değiliz” muhabbetini hatırlamayın. Gelin inadıminat yürütülen Kanalistanbul, İstanbul Port, Galata Port, nükleer santral, 4+4+4 projelerini, mahallelinin itirazına rağmen İmam Hatip’e dönüştürülen ortaokulları, PKK ve Öcalan’la kamudan gizli yürütülen görüşmeleri, kötü bir fikri zorla kabul ettirmeye çalışan “Akil Adamları”, kamu vicdanını hiçe sayan tertip davaları ve düzmece duruşmaları, ve itirazlar ne kadarhaklı olursa olsun kabaca ve hoyratça tepkiler veren Başbakan Erdoğan’ı ve AKP rejimini hatırlamayın.
AKP usulü "doğrudan demokrasi";Taksim Gezi Parkı, İstanbul, 28 Mayıs 2013.
Parkınızı mı istiyorsunuz? "...üç beş çapulcuya soracak değiliz!"
(Görüntüler medyadan.)
Bkz. "Taksim Gezi Parkı", 31 Mayıs 2013.
Dünya milletler camiası içinde İsviçre bir istisnadır. Çevrelerinden bir miktar tecrit yaşadıkları yüksek dağlarda ve derin vadilerde eşi benzeri olmayan bir toplum evrimleşmiş. Onlardan çok şey öğrenilebilir, ama hiçbir şey aceleye getirilemez. Doğrudan demokrasileri, farklılıktan korkmayan, farklılığın engellemediği birliktelikleri imrenilecek, hatta hedeflenecek birşey, ama adım adım, sabırla, ve iyi niyetle, art düşüncesiz! Bu kadar hassas ve adil bir dengeye ulaşmanın yolu tuzaklarla doludur ve istismara açıktır. Komşu Fransa’ya bir bakın- meşhur Fransız ihtilâlinden sonra bir defa daha krallık, iki defa imparatorluk, ve tam beş defa cumhuriyet geldi! Ya Almanya? İki dünya savaşını ateşleyen fırtınalı tarihlerini herkes biliyor. İleri ve yaygın eğitim, özümsenmiş insani değerler ve doğruluk anlayışı ön şartlardır, yoksa her reform istismara kapı aralar, her reformda art niyet kokusu alınır.
Ve son olarak adları Türk tarihine kazınmış iki İsviçre
şehrinden bahsetmeden bitirmeyeyim: Kurtuluş Savaşı'mızdan sonra İsmet İnönü’nün
başkanlığındaki heyetin Türkiye’nin tam bağımsızlığını dünya milletleri
camiasına resmen kabul ettirdiği Lozan (Lausanne; 24 Temmuz 1923) ve ondan onüç yıl
sonra Boğazlar’da Türk egemenliğinin tanındığı Montrö (Montreux, 23 Temmuz
1936).
Anyone following or occasionally visiting this blog of mine knows by now that we have been abroad for the last two weeks- actually a litle over- and though we were here for during the first violent days of the Gezi Parkı (“Promenade Park”) uprising, we have observed the rest from the safe distance of France and Switzerland.
As we all know, the Republic of Turkey has been looking to the west since its inception on October 29th, 1923,[1] and Western civilization, thought, and culture were taken as examples and ideals. This, however, never meant quiet acquiescence. Even while cultivating friendly relationships in the international sphere, Kemal Ataturk pressed hard for the return of the French occupied province of Hatay to Turkey, which was finally realized through peaceful means in 1939.[2] Nor was the Turkish Republic seduced by the flash and allure of rising Fascism in Europe; turning to Western civilization did not mean swallowing every new trend wholemeal. Leni Riefenstahl’s Nazi propaganda feature “Triumph of the Will” (Triumph des Willens) came out in 1935, when Atatürk was still alive and active and his twelve year old Republic flourishing. Riefenstahl’s film won prizes internationally, in Sweden, France, and even the US, bolstering the image of Fascism as the system of the future, but the Turkish Republic under Atatürk and his successor İnönü remained unimpressed.[3]
The lessons to be learned are that peace and friendship don’t mean subservience and servility, and blind admiration and mindless imitation is not what is meant by westernization.
Bearing these in mind, I would like to look back on our French and Swiss soujourns. France and Switzerland are today on peaceful terms, the borders are open even though Switzerland has not entered the European Union (but is part of the Schengen agreement, which means a visa for one is valid for the other). Taking a bus from Geneva, Switzerland into France, one barely notices the border crossing, now unmanned, along a street of uninterrupted houses. How nice and peaceful when one considers our borders, sometimes jealously guarded, complete with no man’s land, sometimes open to all and sundry, as our borders to the civil-war ridden Syria has reportedly become.
The Swiss look back to the year 1291 as the birth of their nation. Most of what is now Switzerland was part of the German Holy Roman Empire, which was ever a loose confederation of small states, and the communities around the Alps were likewise largely self-governing. To defend their acquired rights and liberties, the communities of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden created an alliance. According to legend, the pact was sealed through an oath sworn on the Rütli meadow by Lake Lucerne on August 1st, 1291- eight years before the date we accept as the birth of the Ottoman State under Osman I in1299.
Though the Rütli oath may exist only in legend, a document from that year- the Bundesbrief (“Federal Charter”) now in the Bundesbriefmuseum in Schwyz is tangible witness to the alliance.
What I find attractive in this piece of history laced with legend is that the founding philosophy of the state is an oath, a word of honor that they would stay together. Switzerland will later grow through warfare as well as voluntary alliances, and there will even be civil war in the ensuing years, but the idea of an oath as the bond between the various communities creates a kind of spirit of voluntary togetherness. Though the country today is known variously as The Swiss Confederation, La Confédération Suisse, La Confederazione Svizzera, La Confederaziun Svizra, and the Latin Confederatio Helvetica, the German version is not Bundesrepublik Schweiz, as one would expect, but Die Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft, literally, “the Swiss Comradeship of the Oath”.
This, of course, leads me to muse, once again, about our own “Oath” being discontinued at our own schools. See “The Oath”, 22 September-Eylül 2012.
The Swiss have a reputation for peaceful neutrality, and anyone who has visited the country will have noticed how they have profited from peace. But Switzerland has had its experience of war and even expansionism. The Italian-speaking canton of Ticino was wrested from the Duchy of Milan in the early 16th Century. When the Milanese halted the Swiss at Marignano in 1515, Swiss expansionism came to an end. Further territorial gains came through the voluntary entry of further cantons into the confederation. Around the time the Milanese halted the Swiss, our own Selim I (“The Grim”) was on a roll, defeating Shah Ismail of Persia at Çaldıran in 1514, and driving through the Arab lands in 1516. His acquisitions, and those of his illustrious successor Suleiman I (“The Magnificent”) were all eventually lost to Turkey.
The Swiss experience in war after this date has been confined to its own territory. With the birth of Protestantism the religious strife that broke out in Europe affected the Swiss as well. The First War of Kappel (1529) broke out after some mutual provocation including the execution of a Catholic priest by the Protestants and a Protestant one by the Catholics, with no war actually being fought. Legend has it that the sides drank milk soup together while discussing condittions of peace.[7]
That year, our Suleiman the Magnificent laid his unsuccessful siege to Vienna (September 27th- October 16th 1529).
The Second War of Kappel of 1531 was more serious, ending with the defeat of the Protestants, who lost more than 1000 men in the conflicts. The Swiss protestant leader Ulrich Zwingli died during the battle.
(Right between the two battles of Vilmergen, from July 14th to September 12th 1683, the Ottomans under Mehmed IV laid their second and final unsuccessful siege to Vienna. This was the start of the long, slow decline of Ottoman power in Europe.)
So a federation is one thing, seperation is another. It makes me think of the AKP’s “Peace Process” with the Kurds, with direct talks with convicted PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan. There is talk of a “federation”, but the festive celebration of the Kurds in Diyarbakır on March 21st, 2013 had no federal fraternity about it. Some of the media, having up to then declareded support for the AKP’s “Peace Process”, expressed dismay and surprise that “there were only Kurdish flags, no Turkish ones!” We returned fom our trip to find US Ambassador Francis Ricciardone touring the area, to support the “Peace Process”, an unusually meddlesome attitude for a diplomat from a country halfway around the world.
H.E.
Francis Ricciardone, U.S. Ambassador to Turkey, in Diyarbakır, with an
appropiately abject Turkish citizen, June 26th2013
A “federation” does not mean seperation until it is used as a pretext for it. A federation is really the coming together of different parts, not the splintering of something that was united. Social and cultural rights ought to be understood within that structure. The aggression of Kurdish seperatism and the paranoia of the National State in Turkey have been feeding each other so that no one can see straight anymore. The problem begged a solution, but the AKP’s version- an operation guided from abroad, potential opponents swept out of the way and into prison on trumped-up charges, negotiations involving convicted a terrorist leader with details kept from the public, with half the population believing the country will grow and the other that it will split up- is bound to create more problems than it will solve.
The “peace process” with our ethnic Kurdish citizens, so heartily supported by the US, whose interests H.E. Ricciardone serves, ostensibly aims for a confederation of Turkish and Kurdish identities. (What of all the groups in Turkey’s ethnic mix? “We’ll leave that for later!”) To this end, the PKK (illegal), its leader Abdullah Öcalan (convicted, in prison) and the BDP[9] (less than 10 percent of the national suffrage at the best reckoning) are engaged in talks with the AKP on a new constitution, with the opposition CHP and MHP completely betraying their electorate with their apparent opposition and actual collusion.[10] In accordance with this new “peace process”, it has been proposed that the word Türk, for “Turk” and “Turkish”, should be removed from the new Turkish Constitution. We are henceforth to be Türkiyeli, how would we translate it? Turkeans? Turkeyites? Turkeyeese?
How long before the new Kurdish Turkeyites say “since I’m not even Turkish, why is the country called “Turkey”?
The citizens of the 23- canton[11], four-language Swiss confederation, loose though their confederation may be, don’t have any qualms about being known by the name of one of the three founding cantons- Schwyz.[12]
This made me think about the camps for Syrian refugees in
our own southeast: there are reports of completely unsupervised passage and anti-government insurgents from Syria toting their arms in and out of the camps, which they allegedly use as bases from which to launch attacks in Syria.[15] The AKP, determined to take action against the Assad government in Syria, is apparently allowing these combatants far more liberties than international law can tolerate. Opponents of the AKP government attribute several explosions that rocked the area to Syrian anti-Assad militants with an interest in dragging Turkey into the conflict. [16]
In the land of direct democracy, there have been several referenda on the question of reducing and even totally disbanding the military, but since the Swiss Armed Forces still exists, it seems the majority was never convinced that it is obsolete. I passed through Switzerland in 1993 when another referendum was brewing on the subject. The group that was for the keeping of the military reminded the public of the then very actual civil war in Yugoslavia, in the middle of Europe, pointing out that “no one is safe!”
Si vis pacem, para bellum![19]
With peace for most of its history, what do the Swiss do for heroes? Everyone knows the folk hero William Tell, his defiance of governor (Vogt) Gessler, and the story of shooting the apple off his own son's head. Tell is supposed to have lived in the 14th century. There are some few historic records, just enough to make the story credible without actually proving it. The world knows Tell mainly from the dramatic interpretation by German (not Swiss) poet and playwright Friedrich von Schiller. Even though the details of his life are stuff of fable, and the main points more legend than established fact, the Swiss have embraced William Tell- or Wilhelm Tell, Guillaume Tell, Guglielmo Tell or Guglielm Tell- as a national hero and a personification of their national spirit. Inside the Federal Parliament in Bern, on the wall of the Assembly Hall, there is a statue of William Tell with his crossbow.
We Turks, on the other hand, have a real flesh-and-blood national hero within living memory, his achievements clearly documented, still widely loved and respected among his countrymen, and a Prime Minister and a ruling party that never tire in their efforts to discredit or simply erase him. On April 24th, 2013, a visitor sporting a shawl with the image of Atatürk, was denied entry for “carrying a political symbol”.[21] Atatürk was in a very real sense the person who founded that parliament.[22]
The Swiss have an exceptional "direct democracy". Of course they have their elected representatives in parliament, as even we do- or at least that's what we'd like to believe.[23] But there is more!
For changes in the constitution a referendum is obligatory; lesser federal regulations and resolutions can be challenged if at least eight cantons object, or if 50 000 individual citizens petition with their signatures within 100 days of said regulations and resolutions being made public, upon which a referendum will once again be mandatory. An established law may also be challenged: 100 000 signatures collected within 18 months is sufficient to launch the referendum
process.[24]
On some Swiss trains they run interesting bits of local news on a small screen, for the passengers’ entertainment. (As if the Swiss scenery isn’t enough!) On June 19th, they ran this item:
“The city council is planning to open a kindergarden in the basement of the Romero House, starting with the Schoolyear 2103/14. Now that parents have opposed this ‘basement kindergarten’, a new alternative will be found.”[25]
Lozan anlaşması anısına "İsviçre Türk Dostları derneği" tarafından darp edilmiş madalyon.
ENGLISH
The footnote links do not work; you will have to scroll down to to the footnotes for expanded information. Opening the blogsite on two seperate windows and keeping one on the footnotes will make it easier to go back and forth. Sorry for the inconvenience, I'm no expert!.
Other links should work.
The footnote links do not work; you will have to scroll down to to the footnotes for expanded information. Opening the blogsite on two seperate windows and keeping one on the footnotes will make it easier to go back and forth. Sorry for the inconvenience, I'm no expert!.
Other links should work.
Anyone following or occasionally visiting this blog of mine knows by now that we have been abroad for the last two weeks- actually a litle over- and though we were here for during the first violent days of the Gezi Parkı (“Promenade Park”) uprising, we have observed the rest from the safe distance of France and Switzerland.
Now we are back; perhaps it is time to share some
observations.
As we all know, the Republic of Turkey has been looking to the west since its inception on October 29th, 1923,[1] and Western civilization, thought, and culture were taken as examples and ideals. This, however, never meant quiet acquiescence. Even while cultivating friendly relationships in the international sphere, Kemal Ataturk pressed hard for the return of the French occupied province of Hatay to Turkey, which was finally realized through peaceful means in 1939.[2] Nor was the Turkish Republic seduced by the flash and allure of rising Fascism in Europe; turning to Western civilization did not mean swallowing every new trend wholemeal. Leni Riefenstahl’s Nazi propaganda feature “Triumph of the Will” (Triumph des Willens) came out in 1935, when Atatürk was still alive and active and his twelve year old Republic flourishing. Riefenstahl’s film won prizes internationally, in Sweden, France, and even the US, bolstering the image of Fascism as the system of the future, but the Turkish Republic under Atatürk and his successor İnönü remained unimpressed.[3]
"Dear Hitler, I can't buy that toy for you."
French World War II cartoon. The governess is the Franz von Papen, the ambassador of the Thirrd Reich to Ankara.
The lessons to be learned are that peace and friendship don’t mean subservience and servility, and blind admiration and mindless imitation is not what is meant by westernization.
Bearing these in mind, I would like to look back on our French and Swiss soujourns. France and Switzerland are today on peaceful terms, the borders are open even though Switzerland has not entered the European Union (but is part of the Schengen agreement, which means a visa for one is valid for the other). Taking a bus from Geneva, Switzerland into France, one barely notices the border crossing, now unmanned, along a street of uninterrupted houses. How nice and peaceful when one considers our borders, sometimes jealously guarded, complete with no man’s land, sometimes open to all and sundry, as our borders to the civil-war ridden Syria has reportedly become.
France and Switzerland are as different in their history
and state structure as two countries can be expected to be. The French Republic
is a unitary and secular state like the Republic of Turkey. Even though it harbors
ethnic minorities like the Corsicans, who are really Italian,[4] the people of Alsace and
Lorraine, who are German, and of course the Basque, who are, well, Basque,
France insists on the French identity and language as the unifying factor. This
may sound inconsistent with a country that is so supportive of Kurdish and
Armenian minority rights and even territorial claims in Turkey, but that’s
international politics for you!
As for Switzerland, it is a confederation of 23 or 26 cantosns, depending on how you count them.[5] They are very much autonomous but still bound to the federal capital Bern. While we are discussing here the controversial issue of the use of Kurdish in education and courts in the southeast provinces, Switzerland manages with no less than four official languages: German, French, Italian, and the barely surviving remnant of the erstwhile Roman Empire, Rhaeto-Romansch.
[6] As for Switzerland, it is a confederation of 23 or 26 cantosns, depending on how you count them.[5] They are very much autonomous but still bound to the federal capital Bern. While we are discussing here the controversial issue of the use of Kurdish in education and courts in the southeast provinces, Switzerland manages with no less than four official languages: German, French, Italian, and the barely surviving remnant of the erstwhile Roman Empire, Rhaeto-Romansch.
The Swiss look back to the year 1291 as the birth of their nation. Most of what is now Switzerland was part of the German Holy Roman Empire, which was ever a loose confederation of small states, and the communities around the Alps were likewise largely self-governing. To defend their acquired rights and liberties, the communities of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden created an alliance. According to legend, the pact was sealed through an oath sworn on the Rütli meadow by Lake Lucerne on August 1st, 1291- eight years before the date we accept as the birth of the Ottoman State under Osman I in1299.
The Rütli Oath
by John Henry Fuseli (Johann Heinrich Füssli), 1780.
Though the Rütli oath may exist only in legend, a document from that year- the Bundesbrief (“Federal Charter”) now in the Bundesbriefmuseum in Schwyz is tangible witness to the alliance.
Federal Charter of 1291 (Bundesbrief)
(Image from the media.)
What I find attractive in this piece of history laced with legend is that the founding philosophy of the state is an oath, a word of honor that they would stay together. Switzerland will later grow through warfare as well as voluntary alliances, and there will even be civil war in the ensuing years, but the idea of an oath as the bond between the various communities creates a kind of spirit of voluntary togetherness. Though the country today is known variously as The Swiss Confederation, La Confédération Suisse, La Confederazione Svizzera, La Confederaziun Svizra, and the Latin Confederatio Helvetica, the German version is not Bundesrepublik Schweiz, as one would expect, but Die Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft, literally, “the Swiss Comradeship of the Oath”.
Surrounded by belligerent states Germany, France, Italy
and Austria through the two world wars, all three ethnic groups being
represented on its own territory, Switzerland managed to negotiate the war years
without the inevitable social tensions pulling it apart. Apparently, the oath
held! During World War II General Henri Guisan, Commander in Chief of the Swiss
Army, assembled his officers on the mythical Rütli meadow on July 25th, 1940,
and in an inspiring speech forged his multi-ethnic nation together and excluded
surrender in case of aggression.
General Henri Guisan addressing his officers at the Rütli meadow, July 25th 1940.
This, of course, leads me to muse, once again, about our own “Oath” being discontinued at our own schools. See “The Oath”, 22 September-Eylül 2012.
The Swiss have a reputation for peaceful neutrality, and anyone who has visited the country will have noticed how they have profited from peace. But Switzerland has had its experience of war and even expansionism. The Italian-speaking canton of Ticino was wrested from the Duchy of Milan in the early 16th Century. When the Milanese halted the Swiss at Marignano in 1515, Swiss expansionism came to an end. Further territorial gains came through the voluntary entry of further cantons into the confederation. Around the time the Milanese halted the Swiss, our own Selim I (“The Grim”) was on a roll, defeating Shah Ismail of Persia at Çaldıran in 1514, and driving through the Arab lands in 1516. His acquisitions, and those of his illustrious successor Suleiman I (“The Magnificent”) were all eventually lost to Turkey.
The Swiss experience in war after this date has been confined to its own territory. With the birth of Protestantism the religious strife that broke out in Europe affected the Swiss as well. The First War of Kappel (1529) broke out after some mutual provocation including the execution of a Catholic priest by the Protestants and a Protestant one by the Catholics, with no war actually being fought. Legend has it that the sides drank milk soup together while discussing condittions of peace.[7]
Drink milk, forget war! The First "War" of Kappel, 1529.
By Albert Anker, 1869.
That year, our Suleiman the Magnificent laid his unsuccessful siege to Vienna (September 27th- October 16th 1529).
The Second War of Kappel of 1531 was more serious, ending with the defeat of the Protestants, who lost more than 1000 men in the conflicts. The Swiss protestant leader Ulrich Zwingli died during the battle.
Switzerland suffered less from religious strife than the
rest of Europe, such as the horrific Thirty Years’ War in Germany (1618-1648).
But nevertheless religion resurfaced as a source of conflict in the Battles of
Villmergen (1656 and 1712). Considering the peaceful stability Switzerland was
to attain afterwards, I am compelled to conclude that conflict based on
religious beliefs is one of the greatest blocks to social harmony and the happiness
and prosperity of a people. It makes me appreciate even more Ataturk’s choice
of secularism for our Republic.
(Right between the two battles of Vilmergen, from July 14th to September 12th 1683, the Ottomans under Mehmed IV laid their second and final unsuccessful siege to Vienna. This was the start of the long, slow decline of Ottoman power in Europe.)
The Swiss fought their final battle in 1845, again
against each other, when the Catholic cantons joined in a union called the
Sonderbund and resisted central authority. Interestingly, of the seven cantons
that joined to form the Sonderbund,
three were the original founding cantons of the Rütli oath. In spite of the
loose federal structure of the Swiss Confederation and the great latitute
allowed to each, seperation was not
part of the game. Within a month (3-29
November 1847), the Sonderbund was
defeated, with less than a hundred loss of lives. After this, the Swiss
Confederation took its present form, with a new constitution in 1848, taking
into account the sensitivities of the Catholic cantons.[8]
Stained glass cupola of the Swiss Federal Parliament (Bundeshaus) in Bern. At the center, the Swiss flag, ringed by the shields of the 23 cantons. Unfurled around the national flag, a ribbon with the national motto: Unus pro Omnibus, Omnes pro Uno. ("One for All, All for One.")
(Image from the media.)
So a federation is one thing, seperation is another. It makes me think of the AKP’s “Peace Process” with the Kurds, with direct talks with convicted PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan. There is talk of a “federation”, but the festive celebration of the Kurds in Diyarbakır on March 21st, 2013 had no federal fraternity about it. Some of the media, having up to then declareded support for the AKP’s “Peace Process”, expressed dismay and surprise that “there were only Kurdish flags, no Turkish ones!” We returned fom our trip to find US Ambassador Francis Ricciardone touring the area, to support the “Peace Process”, an unusually meddlesome attitude for a diplomat from a country halfway around the world.
(Image
from the media.)
A “federation” does not mean seperation until it is used as a pretext for it. A federation is really the coming together of different parts, not the splintering of something that was united. Social and cultural rights ought to be understood within that structure. The aggression of Kurdish seperatism and the paranoia of the National State in Turkey have been feeding each other so that no one can see straight anymore. The problem begged a solution, but the AKP’s version- an operation guided from abroad, potential opponents swept out of the way and into prison on trumped-up charges, negotiations involving convicted a terrorist leader with details kept from the public, with half the population believing the country will grow and the other that it will split up- is bound to create more problems than it will solve.
The “peace process” with our ethnic Kurdish citizens, so heartily supported by the US, whose interests H.E. Ricciardone serves, ostensibly aims for a confederation of Turkish and Kurdish identities. (What of all the groups in Turkey’s ethnic mix? “We’ll leave that for later!”) To this end, the PKK (illegal), its leader Abdullah Öcalan (convicted, in prison) and the BDP[9] (less than 10 percent of the national suffrage at the best reckoning) are engaged in talks with the AKP on a new constitution, with the opposition CHP and MHP completely betraying their electorate with their apparent opposition and actual collusion.[10] In accordance with this new “peace process”, it has been proposed that the word Türk, for “Turk” and “Turkish”, should be removed from the new Turkish Constitution. We are henceforth to be Türkiyeli, how would we translate it? Turkeans? Turkeyites? Turkeyeese?
How long before the new Kurdish Turkeyites say “since I’m not even Turkish, why is the country called “Turkey”?
The citizens of the 23- canton[11], four-language Swiss confederation, loose though their confederation may be, don’t have any qualms about being known by the name of one of the three founding cantons- Schwyz.[12]
On the right, the National Flag, on the left, all the cantons united on a single flag.
(Image from my own camera.)
When the French of the Second Empire, under Napoleon III,
entered into an ill-advised war in 1870 against ambitious Prussia and its
allied German states, the conflict swiftly deteriorated into a heavy defeat for
the French, shattering all illusion of imperial grandeur.[13] The French general
Charles Denis Bourbaki had to escape into Swiss territory with 87 000 men in
February 1871, where they were detained for six weeks before being repatriated.
There is a panoramic painting (The Bourbaki Panorama)[14] in Lucerne, by the
painter Edouard Castres and dating from 1881, that faithfully illustrates the
French retreat into the safety of neutral Switzerland. We can clearly see the
French soldiers handing over their guns as they cross the border. This is the
traditionally accepted precondition for a combatant seeking asylum in a third
country.
General Bourbaki's men crossing the border into the safety of Switzerland, February 1871, surrendering their arms as they pass.
Bourbaki Panorama, detail, Edouard Castres, 1881.
This made me think about the camps for Syrian refugees in
our own southeast: there are reports of completely unsupervised passage and anti-government insurgents from Syria toting their arms in and out of the camps, which they allegedly use as bases from which to launch attacks in Syria.[15] The AKP, determined to take action against the Assad government in Syria, is apparently allowing these combatants far more liberties than international law can tolerate. Opponents of the AKP government attribute several explosions that rocked the area to Syrian anti-Assad militants with an interest in dragging Turkey into the conflict. [16]
A
car- bomb blast at Cilvegözü border crossing on February 1th 2013 killed 13.
The government pointed the finger at the Assad regime in Syria, which has no
interest in antagonizing already belligerent Turkey.
(Image
from th media.)
Two
explosions rocked Reyhanlı, Hatay on May
11th 2013. Official body count is 51, though popular opinion estimates at least
twice as much. The population supects the refugees; an enraged group of
citizens attempting to attack the refugee camp was stopped by the police.
(Image
from the media.)
Switzerland has had its troubles with invasion- like the
Armies of the French Revolution in 1798 and the counter-invasion of the
Austrians and the Russians attempting to drive out the French. And there have
been cases of the Swiss fighting the Swiss, as I have mentioned. But by and
large Switzerland mainatins its tradition
of neutrality, which was internationally recognized in the Congress of Vienna
in 1815. But officially neutral or not, the Swiss have maintained an army and
air force.[17]
Military service is compulsory for male citizens from 20 to 34, the conscripts
keeping their equipment- including weapons- at home, and regularly reporting
for three week retraining sessions for throughout their recruitment period. Potentially,
the army could be mobilized immediately; the conscripts would just have to take
their uniforms and their guns from their closets and rush to their posts.
Had
the Swiss not been in such a state of readiness, had they not invested in
strongpoints and shelters in the mountains, it is dourful that Hitler would
have respected Swiss neutrality for long. After all, the Nazis made short work
of ill-prepared Denmark, which surrendered after only a few hours of
deliberation (April 9th, 1940; independent in the morning, attacked at 4:15
a.m., surrendered at 6:00, occupied by breakfast!)[18]
Call for retraining courses for 2013.
(Images from my own camera.)
(Image from my own camera.)
Only 11 days after the occupation, on April 20th, 1940, German troops are marching through Copenhagen to clebrate Hitler's birthday.
In the land of direct democracy, there have been several referenda on the question of reducing and even totally disbanding the military, but since the Swiss Armed Forces still exists, it seems the majority was never convinced that it is obsolete. I passed through Switzerland in 1993 when another referendum was brewing on the subject. The group that was for the keeping of the military reminded the public of the then very actual civil war in Yugoslavia, in the middle of Europe, pointing out that “no one is safe!”
"No one is safe. NO and NO to an unprotected future."
Phamplet for the 1993 referendum concerning the fate of the Swiss armed forces, against the "İnitiative for a Switzerland Without An Army." The allusion is to the Yugoslavian civil war which was raging at the time.
Si vis pacem, para bellum![19]
The Balyoz Sledgehammer convictions of September 21st, 2012, are being reviewed by the Appeals Court (Yargıtay) this week. Crowds have gathered before the Appeals Court to express support for the hundreds of convicted officers. (Only two civilians!) The placard says "Neither cruelty, nor pity, only justice". See:" The Sledgehammer Verdicts", 2 September-Eylül 2012.
(Image from the media.)
With peace for most of its history, what do the Swiss do for heroes? Everyone knows the folk hero William Tell, his defiance of governor (Vogt) Gessler, and the story of shooting the apple off his own son's head. Tell is supposed to have lived in the 14th century. There are some few historic records, just enough to make the story credible without actually proving it. The world knows Tell mainly from the dramatic interpretation by German (not Swiss) poet and playwright Friedrich von Schiller. Even though the details of his life are stuff of fable, and the main points more legend than established fact, the Swiss have embraced William Tell- or Wilhelm Tell, Guillaume Tell, Guglielmo Tell or Guglielm Tell- as a national hero and a personification of their national spirit. Inside the Federal Parliament in Bern, on the wall of the Assembly Hall, there is a statue of William Tell with his crossbow.
The chamber of deputies in the Federal Parliament in Bern. On the wall to the left you can see the statue of William Tell.
A closer look at the Tell statue, crossbow at the ready.
(Images from the media.)
Prize medal of the "Swiss Union of Sharphooters, bearing images in relief ofmaster sharpshooter William Tell and his son, from whose head he shot the apple.
Obverse of the medal shown above. The inscription, in German and French, says "Tell Symbol of our Freedom."
(Image from my own camera.)
We Turks, on the other hand, have a real flesh-and-blood national hero within living memory, his achievements clearly documented, still widely loved and respected among his countrymen, and a Prime Minister and a ruling party that never tire in their efforts to discredit or simply erase him. On April 24th, 2013, a visitor sporting a shawl with the image of Atatürk, was denied entry for “carrying a political symbol”.[21] Atatürk was in a very real sense the person who founded that parliament.[22]
On the left: Swiss coin, 5 Swiss Francs, bearing the image of William Tell. Legendary folk hero supported by some documentation but not %100 substantiated.
Achievements:
Defying oppressive governor (Vogt) Gessler, being forced to shoot an apple off his own son's head, eventually killing Gessler himself, thereby igniting a general uprising, participating in some battles, finally drowning in an attempt to save a child from a river.
To the right: Turkish coin, 1 Turkish Lira, bearing the image of Kemal Atatürk, fully documented by eyewitness accounts, on photographs and on film, and still within living memory. Achievements:
Action on the field in Tripoli (today Libya), the Balkans, Gallipoli, the Middle East. After the defeat in 1918, leader of the Nationalist Resistance, founder of the Parliament in Ankara, commander-in-chief of the final successful attack launched on August 26th, 1922, head of the Parliamentary Government during peace negotiations in Lausanne which ended on July 24th 1923 with full sovereignity returned to Turkey, founder of the Turkish Republic, October 29th, 1923. During the remaining 15 years of his life he introduced the Secular State Structure and Education, attempted to remove the mystery of Islam by encouraging translations (even havng the Muezzin's call chanted in Turkish, which remained in effect until twelve years after his death), emancipated women and gave them the right to vote (well before Switzerland! In Turkey:1930 on the municipal level and 1934 on the national level, in Switzerland starting in 1958 on the cantonal level, 1971 on the federal level, with the half-canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden trailing in 1990- ceding only through court action!), introduced the Latin alphabet, Western attire, reformed the civil code, modernized weights and measures, the calendar, education, introduced Western art forms and made them accessible to the public, and initiated many national enterprises, (which the AKP has been selling off one by one).
So who hase the greater hero?
For changes in the constitution a referendum is obligatory; lesser federal regulations and resolutions can be challenged if at least eight cantons object, or if 50 000 individual citizens petition with their signatures within 100 days of said regulations and resolutions being made public, upon which a referendum will once again be mandatory. An established law may also be challenged: 100 000 signatures collected within 18 months is sufficient to launch the referendum
process.[24]
On some Swiss trains they run interesting bits of local news on a small screen, for the passengers’ entertainment. (As if the Swiss scenery isn’t enough!) On June 19th, they ran this item:
“The city council is planning to open a kindergarden in the basement of the Romero House, starting with the Schoolyear 2103/14. Now that parents have opposed this ‘basement kindergarten’, a new alternative will be found.”[25]
From a video screen on a train:
“The city council is planning to open a kindergarden
in the basement of the Romero House, starting with the Schoolyear 2103/14. Now
that parents have opposed this ‘basement kindergarten’, a new alternative will
be found.”
(Image from my own camera.)
This of course brings to mind the AKP’s shameless abuse
of its majority in parliament, Prime Minister Erdoğan’s manic insistence on
carrying on with his plans, be it the “Promenade Park” (Gezi Parkı), Kanalistanbul,
Istanbul Port, Galata Port, nuclear plants, the 4+4+4 educational system, clerical
schools replacing high schools, the “peace process” with the PKK, the new
Constitution, the arrests, the sham trials, never shrinking from brute force,
no matter how loud and justified the opposition.[26]
In closing, I should mention two Swiss cities whose names are
indelibly linked with Turkey’s hard won independence. At Lausanne, after the
culmination of more than three years of war, the Turkish delegation headed by
İsmet İnönü (redirect to footnote 4) managed to wrest full sovereignity from
the reluctant Allies in the name of the Parliamentary Government in Ankara (the
Treaty of Lausanne, July 24th, 1923)[27]. Turkey only regained
full control of the Straits (the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus, with the Sea of
Marmara between, joining the Black Sea to the Mediterranean) thırteen years
after Lausanne, with the Treaty of Montreux, July 23rd, 1936.[28]
"Direct
democracy" alla Turca, the way the AKP understands it: gas
"directly" in your face. (I say "gas" and not "tear
gas" because it's real effect is to suffocate you. If you haven't
had a whiff of the stuff, you can't begin to understand that woman's courage
and determination.)
Taksim Gezi
Parkı ("Promenade Park"), Istanbul, May 28th 2013,
(Images from
the media.)
Within the grand community of nations of the world,
Switzerland is the perennial exception; isolated in their mountains and
valleys, they have evolved something that is unique, from which a lot can be
learned, but nothing may be rushed. Their direct democracy, their unity growing
from multiplicity, is something to admire and even aspire to, but but only step
by step and with patience, with honest and good intentions. The road to such a
fine state of balance is fraught with peril and open to abuse- just look at
neighbouring France- two empires, one kingdom, and five republics since the
Revolution of 1789, and as for Germany, the “Great Canton to the North” as the
Swiss whimsicaly call it, the whole world knows of their turbulent history that
triggered two world wars. A widespread and high level of education and an
ingrained sense of ethics and human values are imperative; otherwise, reforms
will be open to abuse and even the intentions of “reformists” will be suspect.
Medallion minted by "The Swiss Society of Friends of Turkey" to commemorate the signing of the Lausanne Peace Treaty.
(Image from the media.)
[1] As a reminder of the AKP Government’s
attitude towards the Republic, see “What I Saw on Republic Day”, 1 Kasım-
November 2012.
[2] Syria came under the French
occupation after world war I, the French advancing well into Antolia even after
the Armistice of Mudros, Sept. 30th, 1918.
During the Turkish war of independence, the French signed a seperate
peace with the Ankara government, the Treaty of Ankara, October 20th, 1921, agreeing to pull out of
its Anatolian acquisitions but keeping the province of Hatay as a part of its
Syrian possessions. When the Turkish War
of Independence ended with the full independence of the new Turkish state
certified by the Treaty of Lausanne, July 24th, 1923, Hatay remained outside of
Turkish borders. The eary years of the republic was a period of rapproachment
with the west, but when France granted Independence to Syria, leaving Hatay to the new Syrian state, Turkey
objected and demanded a seperate independent status for Hatay. Even as Turkey’s
cordial relations with the west continued and flourished, the Turkish
government under Atatürk pressed for Hatay. The League of Nations recognized
Hatay’s independence in January 27th, 1937, and following elections, the
Republic of Hatay was founded on October 12th, 1938, just a month before
Ataturk’s death. Hatay joined Turkey on June 30th, 1939.
[3] After Atatürk died on November
10th,1938, the Parliament elected İsmet İnönü as the second President of the
Republic, an obvious choice since he had been a close comrade of Ataturk throughout the War of Independence, defeating the Greeks
twice (January 6-11 1921 and March 23rd to April 1st, 1921) at İnönü, whence his surname. He headed the delegation of the Parliamentary Government of Ankara at peace talks in Lausanne, where Turkey
was once again internationally recognized as a sovereign state (Treaty of Lausanne,
July 24th, 1923), and with the declaration of the Republic served twice as Prime Minister (October 30th, 1923- November 22nd,
1924, March 4th 1925- October 25th 1937).
After 1938, during his Presidency, Turkey managed to stay out of the war, in spite of pressures from both sides. The Nazis bullied the Bulgarians into a puppet position and overran Greece and for a while Turkey was face to face with the power of the Third Reich. Franz von Papen, Ambassador of the Reich to Ankara 1939-44, has spent much effort to coax Turkey into the war against the Allies.
After 1938, during his Presidency, Turkey managed to stay out of the war, in spite of pressures from both sides. The Nazis bullied the Bulgarians into a puppet position and overran Greece and for a while Turkey was face to face with the power of the Third Reich. Franz von Papen, Ambassador of the Reich to Ankara 1939-44, has spent much effort to coax Turkey into the war against the Allies.
The AKP
regime continuously tries to discredit both Ataturk and İnönü, founders of the
secular Republic that the fundamentalist AKP wishes to undermine. Speaking to
defend his new alcohol restriction laws at a party group meeting on May 28th,
2013, Prime Minister Erdoğan made an unkind allusion to “two drunkards”, apparently referring
to Atatürk and İnönü.
[4] One
famous Corsican was Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French.
[5]
Actually, 20 full-cantons and 3 pairs of 2 half-cantons
[6] Less
than 40 000 people still speak it.
[7] No joke;
see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_War_of_Kappel
[8] The
United States of America is perhaps the
most famous federation in the world, with absolutely no ethnic reference in the
official name- iiterally, states
that have united on a continent
called America. Each state has its
own laws and government, as well as a state flag. However, when thirteen states
attempted to secede from this loose Union, the
Federal Government opposed and the result was the American Civil War,
1861-65. The motto of the United States of America is E Pluribus Unum- From Many, One.
"From many, one." And don't even think about splitting up!
[9] Barış ve Demokrasi
Partisi, the “Party of Peace and
Democracy”. This party fights for cultural and political rights of ethnic
Kurdsh citizens, with a barely veiled bid for independence and unification with
Northern Iraq as an independent Kurdish state. This is in keeping with the
“Greater Middle East Project” of the United States. The BDP always fell short
of the %10 threshold which was, unfairly, set up against such “marginal”
parties to avoid splintering and keep everything in the mainstream. The BDP
candidates entered the elections as independents, circumventing the threshold.
There are 29 BDP Members of Parliament today.
[10] Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi,
“Republican People’s Party”, and Milliyetçi
Hareket Partisi, “National Movement Party”, both with lots of bark but
absolutely no bite.
[11] Or 26- see footnote 4.
[12] Nor do they mind that their country
is also known as Helvetia. The
Helvetes (Helvetii) were a Celtic people who lived in the area even before it
became a Roman province, in the 1st century BC. One official name for the Swiss
confederation- the fifth after the four official languages- is the Latin Confederatio Helvetica, abbreviated to CH, familiar to us as the
International Vehicle Registration Code of that country., and CHF for Swiss
Franks.
[13] Napoleon
III was the nephew of the better known Napoleon Bonaparte. Elected president as
Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte in the elections of
December 10th, 1848 and not wishing to leave at the end of his term, Louis-Napoleon
maneuvered to extend it, managing to have himself crowned emperor on December 2nd, 1852. The elected president turning
hereditary emperor might remind persons with a vivid imagination of the
imperial dreams of Turkey’s elected prime minister. The crashing finales of the
reigns of both Napoleons should serve as a warning to all despots everywhera at
all times.
[14] You can take a look at the website of the
Panorama museum:
[15]
Reporter for BBC Turkish (Çağıl Kasapoğlu) : "On one side I see vehicles and
people waiting to be checked, and on the the other, just a few meters away, I
see people crossing the border unsupervised, following pathways in the fields."
[16]
Turkey’s daring Cyber-Resistance group RedHack
has unearthed and published secret documents of the Gendarmerie reporting
finds of planned car-bomb attacks. It seems clear that the government was
forewarned. The Gendarmerie saw “Al-Qaeda related terrorist groups” behind the
planned attacks
The State Prosecutor in Reyhanlı imposed censorship on
news coming out of the area; it was lifted by court order on May 16th.. The
official AKP view blamed “the opponents of the peace process” with the PKK.
[17] No
navy, of course, though it does have a mercheant fleet on the high seas, patrol
boats on the lakes, and some picturesque lake steamers were requisitioned by the army at
wartime.
[19] "If you want peace, be prepared for
war".
[20] The Turkish military has long been
saddled with the blame of the three military “coups” of May 27th, 1960, March
12th 1970, and September 12th 1980., with February 28th 1997 often thrown in as
a fourth even though there was nothing to qualify it as a “coup” at all! In
truth, the politicians who allowed the situation to deteriorate so far are more
to blame, since it falls on them to run the country smoothly. The AKP came with an agenda to transform the country from a secular
nationalist state looking west into a fundamentalist one with influence on the
Muslim world, ready to pass on the wishes of the US in a language the Muslim
believers wll find acceptable. The liquidation of all national sentiments among the Turks would also
make it easier to have them accept radical changes of character in their own country- including
dismemberment- that are required by the Greater Middle East Project. To make
such a major transformation- this real “coup d’état”- possible, the
intelligentsia as well as the sworn defenders of the secular Republic- the Armed Forces- had to be neutralized. Plot
allgations such as the “Sledgehammer”, and an invented terrorist organization
called Ergenekon, planted evidence,
denouncements by e-mail and telephone have kept the best of the nation behind
bars for years. For Ergenekon see: “The Flag and
the Ribbon”, 30
May-Mayıs 2012, “FadedGlory”, 28 October- Ekim 2012, “Silivri”, 18 December-Aralık 2012, “Being aHero” , 17 January-Ocak 2013, "The Dardanelles Broken Through", 19 March-Mart 2013, for “Sledgehammer” (Balyoz) see: “TheSledgehammer”, 6 September-Eylül 2013, “’Sledgehammer’
Verdicts”, 22
September- Eylül 2012, “Reacting to the
‘Sledgehammer’ Verdicts”,
26 September-Eylül 2012, “Now It’s
OurShift”, 6
November-Kasım 2012, “Hammering the
Sledgehammer”, 5
February- Şubat 2013, “Makes You Want
to Scream”, 12
February-Şubat 2013, and “Devouring his
OwnChildren”, for the
“Adultery and Espionage” trials, see “Adultery and Espionage”, 28 April- Nisan
2013, “Patriot vs. Patriots”, 24 January- Ocak 2013, for the “28th of February"
trials see See: “A Turban by
AnyOther Name”, 16
July- Temmuz 2012, and “Ataturk Out of
Time”, 2 March-
Mart 2013.
The Ergenekon trials are still not concluded
with people in custody for up to six years. On July 4th, 2013, the Constitutional
Court ruled that the period of detention without a verdict could not
exceed 5 years at the most. This would not mean acquittal, the defendants would
still be called to stand trial and there would be restrictions on their
mobility but they would be allowed to go
home and be free to go about - this had indeed been appliead to a portion of
the many defendants. Many Ergenekon
defendants have been held behind bars for longer than five years, but the judges still refuse to
release them. The Constitutional Court verdict allows one year to put its
ruling into effect and the Ergenekon
judges seem intent on using this period to the full. In the meantime, it is
almost certain that they will head off the ruling by passing the sentences-
something they can’t quite bring themselves to do because of the opposition to
their manifestly unfair practices. See: “Silivri”, 18 December-Aralık 2012, “Being aHero”, 17 January- Ocak 2013, “Silivri,
18-02-2013”, 25
February –Şubat 2013, “To Silivri Again”, 29 March- Mart 2013, and “Provocation:Silivri,
April 8th”, 13
April-Nisan 2013. Concientious citizens have been called again to the trials at the Silivri prison complex on August 5th.
On July
13th the AKP, with the obvious support of the BDP and the inexplicable
collusion of some CHP and MHP members of parliament changed clause 35 of the “Interior Sevice Law” (İç Hizmet Kanunu) of the Armed Forces.
The Turkish Armed Forces are no longer entrusted with defending the country
against “internal threats.” This not only disqualifies the army as a bulwark
against militant PKK actions, but gives the AKP an even freer hand in doing
what it wishes with the Republic, including liquidating it.
Those
convicted at the conclusion of the
“Sledgehammer” (Balyoz)
“conspiracy” trials have brought their cases to the Supreme Court of Appeals (Yargıtay) which is viewing their cases
at the time I am writing these. Supporters of the "Sledgehammer" convicts have been gathering before the Court of Appeals to express their feelings.
[21] News
item: http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/20438574.asp
[22] See
“April 23rd and the National Center”, 2 May- Mayıs 2013.
[23] Though
there is much suspicion of foul play in the Turkish ballots.
[24] The
signatories must be citizens eligible to vote.
[25] The
“Romero House” is a historic building in Lucerne, used as a hotel. The news
item is from the Luzerner Zettung.
[26] For the
“Promenade Park” (Gezi Parkı)
uprising see: “Taksim Promenade Park”,
31 May-Mayıs 2013, “Everywhere is Taksim”, 2 June-Haziran 2013, “Promenade ParkUprising, Continued”, 5 June- Haziran 2013, “The Western Front”, 11
June-Haziran 2013, “A Correspondence”, 11
June- Haziran 2013, “Saturday in the Park”, 17 June-Haziran 2013, for
the Urban Renovation Scheme see footnote 5 of “Remembering a Dead Journalist”,
2 February-Şubat 2013, "A Fine Audience", 7 March-Mart 2013, for the 4+4+4
educational system see footnote 5 of “A Letter to the American People”, 4
July-Temmuz 2013.:
[27] The
defunct government of the Sultan in Istanbul was also invited. The negotiators
for the allies probably hoped to play the one against the other. The last
Ottoman Grand Vizir, Ahmed Tevfik Pasha, bowed out of the negotiations, giving
the Ankara Government full negotiating powers. An interesting footnote is that
the Grand Vizir’s wife was Swiss born Elisabeth Tschumi, from the village of
Wolfisberg in the Canton of Bern.
[28] Two squares in İzmir, Lozan and Montrö, commemorate the treaties.
Hiç yorum yok:
Yorum Gönder